Brompheniramine

There are several groups of compounds which are used as active and inactive ingredients in various over-the-counter drug compositions. These compounds are different in nature and can be organic and inorganic. Most of the active ingredients are either hydrophobic basic, hydrophilic basic or hydrophilic neutral compounds. Basic active ingredients of cough and cold remedies used as salts of organic and inorganic acids. The most commonly used hydrophobic active ingredients are doxylamine, pyrilamine, chlorpheniramine, brompheniramine, and dextromethorphan. Doxylamine is an antihistamine drug, used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and the common cold. Doxylamine is used in combination with other active ingredients to provide effective nighttime relief from cough and cold symptoms. Pyrilamine is an antihistamine drug, which targetsH1 receptors as an inverse agonist. Brompheniramine is an antihistamine drug of propylamine nature. Chlorpheniramine is an antihistamine used to treat symptoms such as allergic rhinitis. Dextromethorphan is a medication mostly used as a cough suppressant. It is a morphine type of medication with sedative, dissociative, and stimulant properties. Succinic acid is a hydrophilic diacid that is used as a counterion. Maleic acid is hydrophilic diacid which is used as a counterion. Both compounds have very limited retention even in RP-AQ columns. Due to the strongly hydrophobic and basic properties of these compounds, they demonstrate a poor peak shape in traditional reversed-phase chromatography due to the overloading of residual silanol groups on the surface when these basic drugs are analyzed. In addition to this, hydrophilic counterions are not retained in RP because there is no mechanism of retention for these acidic hydrophilic compounds. Both problems were eliminated by using Heritage MA reversed-phase anion-exchange column. Column and method demonstrate high efficiency and good peak shape for acidic and basic analytes. It can be used to develop methods for various cough, cold, and congestion compositions without the use of ion-pairing reagents. Compounds are well retained by a combination of one or more mechanisms. The column is compatible with 100% ACN and 100% water as well as with most buffers with pH 1.5-7. Various additives to the mobile phase can be used based on the nature of samples and detection techniques.

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Conditions of Experiment

Column:	Heritage MA
Separation Modes:	reversed-phase, cation-exclusion, anion-exchange
Column Dimenstions:	4.6x150 mm, 3 um, 100A
Mobile Phase:	5% ACN with 30 mM AmFm pH 3
Detection:	UV 275
Sample:	various
Injection:	3 uL
Flow rate:	1 ml/min

Analytes

Class of compounds:	Amines, Aromatic base, Drug, Organic acid, Pyridine
Nature of compounds:	Acidic, Basic, Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic, Polar
Compounds:	Doxylamine, Pyrilamine, Succinic acid, Chlorpheniramine, Brompheniramine, Maleic acid, Dextromethorphan

Dimetapp Cold & Cough for kids is a liquid medicine containing three active ingredients: a nasal decongestant (Phenylephrine HCI), an antihistamine (Brompheniramine maleate) and a cough suppressant (Dextromethorphan HBr). There are multiple excipients in the formulation for the flavor, thickness, and preservation. The nasal decongestant works to temporarily restore free breathing through the nose to help clear a stuffy nose. The antihistamine/cough suppressant in this liquid cough medicine is tough on common upper respiratory symptoms like runny nose, sneezing, itchy, watery eyes, and itching of the nose or throat, as well as coughing due to minor throat irritation. Phenylephrine is a hydrophilic basic compound with poor retention in reversed-phase chromatography. Brompheniramine is a hydrophobic basic compound with strong retention and poor peak shape on traditional reversed-phase columns. Dextromethorphan is a hydrophobic basic compound with strong retention and poor peak shape when reversed-phase columns are used. We have developed a simple but robust method for analysis of active ingredients and excipients of Dimetapp formulation. All active compounds and excipients are retained and separated by several mechanisms - reversed-phase, cation-exchange, and anion-exclusion. Inactive ingredients in the formulation include Anhydrous Citric Acid, Artificial Flavor, Fd&C Blue No. 1, Fd&C Red No. 40, Glycerin, Propylene Glycol, Purified Water, Sodium Benzoate, Sodium Citrate, Sorbitol Solution, Sucralose. The retention of compounds is adjusted by changing the amount of ACN, buffer pH, and buffer concentration. The method can be applied to the analysis of drugs in biofluids. Most common detection techniques can be used (UV, ELSD, mass-spec, etc.). Core-shell columns provide very high efficiency of separation and mixed-mode provides unique selectivity and ability to retain hydrophilic compounds without the use of ion-pairing reagents.

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Conditions of Experiment

Column:	Coresep 100
Separation Modes:	reversed-phase, cation-exchange
Column Dimenstions:	4.6x150 mm, 2.7 um, 90A
Mobile Phase:	"A: 10% ACN with 0.02% H2SO4 B: 70% ACN with 0.2% H2SO4 from 100% A to 100% B in 8 min, 4 min hold "
Detection:	UV 275
Sample:	various
Injection:	3 uL
Flow rate:	1 ml/min

Analytes

Class of compounds:	Amines, Aromatic base, Catecholamine, Drug, Neurotransmitter
Nature of compounds:	Basic, Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic, Polar
Compounds:	Phenylephrine, Dextromethorphan, Brompheniramine

The analysis of drugs and counterions usually requires two methods; one for the drug and another one for the counter-ion. This is true for basic and acidic drugs, as well as basic and acidic counter-ions. Brompheniramine is an antihistamine drug used in many cough and cold formulations (Nyquil, Avil, Dimetapp, Vick’s, etc). Brompheniramine is hydrophobic and basic in nature. Reversed-phase chromatography usually produces poor peak shape for this highly hydrophobic and basic compound due to the overloading of residual silanols on the surface of silica gel. Maleic acid is a common counter-ion used in drug production and various formulations. It has two carboxylic acid fragments with pKa of 1.94 and 6.22. It is very polar in nature due to the presence of two ionizable groups. We have developed a separation approach for analysis of basic drug and acidic counter-ion. The order of elution for brompheniramine and maleic acid can be changed by changing the amount of ACN, buffer pH and buffer concentration. The Heritage MA is a mixed-mode anion-exchange and cation-exclusion column. The basic ionizable group on the surface of silica gel shields silanols from interacting with the basic group in bromnehiramine, thus producing a perfect peak shape. The method is LC/MS compatible and no ion-pairing reagent is required to retain basic drug or acidic counter-ion retention time. The elution on the Heritage MA column is controlled by the amount of ACN, buffer concentration and buffer pH. The buffer pH, concentration control ion-exchange, ion-exclusion mechanisms and amount of ACN are controlling the hydrophobic retention of compounds analyzed on this mixed-mode column

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Conditions of Experiment

Column:	Heritage MA
Separation Modes:	reversed-phase, cation-exclusion, anion-exchange
Column Dimenstions:	4.6 x 150 mm, 5 um, 100A
Mobile Phase:	ACN/water/ammonium formate
Detection:	UV 255 nm
Sample:	0.3 mg/ml
Injection:	3 uL
Flow rate:	1 ml/min

Analytes

Class of compounds:	Aromatic base, Drug, Organic acid
Nature of compounds:	Acidic, Basic, Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic, Polar
Compounds:	Brompheniramine, Maleic acid