Chloride Ion
Artesian water is renowned for its purity and mineral content, making it a desirable source of drinking water for many. Accurate quantification of anions in artesian water is essential for ensuring water quality and compliance with regulatory standards. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Evaporative Light Scattering Detection (ELSD) provides a robust method for the analysis of anions in artesian water. In this study, we describe the ELSD HPLC analysis of common anions in artesian water utilizing an Amaze HA mixed-mode column. Chloride is one of the most abundant anions found in natural waters, including artesian water. It is derived from the dissolution of salts such as sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Chloride levels in water are monitored closely as high concentrations can indicate contamination or seawater intrusion. Sulfate is another prevalent anion present in artesian water, originating from the weathering of minerals containing sulfur compounds. It is a key parameter in assessing water quality, as elevated sulfate levels can result from natural processes or anthropogenic activities such as mining and industrial discharge. Nitrate and nitrite are important anions that can occur in artesian water due to agricultural runoff, wastewater discharge, and atmospheric deposition. Elevated nitrate levels in drinking water pose health risks, particularly to infants and pregnant women, as they can lead to methemoglobinemia, also known as "blue baby syndrome." Analysis of anions in artesian water is crucial for ensuring water quality and safety for consumption. Monitoring anion levels allows for early detection of contamination, enabling timely intervention and remediation efforts. Regulatory agencies establish maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for various anions in drinking water to protect public health and prevent adverse effects. Routine analysis of anions helps water authorities and environmental agencies maintain compliance with regulatory standards and ensure the sustainability of water resources.. The ELSD HPLC analysis of anions in artesian water on the Amaze HA mixed-mode column provides a reliable method for assessing water quality and ensuring compliance with regulatory standards. This approach offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility, making it suitable for routine monitoring and environmental analysis. By accurately quantifying common anions such as chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and nitrite, this method aids in safeguarding public health and preserving the integrity of artesian water sources for generations to come.
Column: | Amaze HA |
Separation Modes: | Anion-exchange |
Column Dimenstions: | 3x100 mm, 3 um, 100 A |
Mobile Phase: | ACN/water/Ammonium formate pH 3 |
Detection: | ELSD, 40*C |
Sample: | various-various mg/ml |
Injection: | 3 uL |
Flow rate: | 0.6 ml/min |
Class of compounds: | Inorganic acid, Inorganic anion, Organic acid |
Nature of compounds: | Acidic, Hydrophilic, Polar |
Compounds: | Phosphate Ion, Chloride Ion, Nitrate ion, Sulfate ion |
Column: | Amaze TH |
Separation Modes: | HILIC/cation-exchnage, anion-exchange |
Column Dimenstions: | 3.0x100 mm, 3 um, 100A |
Mobile Phase: | ACN/water/ammonium formate pH 3 |
Detection: | ELSD |
Sample: | 0.4-0.6 |
Injection: | 3 uL |
Flow rate: | 0.6 ml/min |
Class of compounds: | Amino acid, Inorganic anion, Supplement |
Nature of compounds: | Acidic, Hydrophilic, Polar, Zwitterionic |
Compounds: | Chloride Ion, Taurine, Threonine, Serine, Arginine |
Column: | Amaze TCH |
Separation Modes: | HILIC/cation-exchnage, anion-exchange |
Column Dimenstions: | 3.0x100 mm, 3 um, 100A |
Mobile Phase: | ACN/water/ammonium formate pH 3 |
Detection: | ELSD |
Sample: | 0.4-0.6 |
Injection: | 3 uL |
Flow rate: | 0.6 ml/min |
Class of compounds: | Amino acid, Inorganic anion, Supplement |
Nature of compounds: | Acidic, Hydrophilic, Polar, Zwitterionic |
Compounds: | Chloride Ion, Taurine, Threonine, Serine, Arginine |
Column: | Amaze TH |
Separation Modes: | HILIC, anion-exchange |
Column Dimenstions: | 4.6x150 mm, 5 um, 100A |
Mobile Phase: | 80% ACN with 10 mM AmFm pH 3 |
Detection: | ELSD |
Sample: | 0.3-0.6 mg/ml |
Injection: | 3 uL |
Flow rate: | 1 ml/min |
Class of compounds: | Herbicide, Inorganic anion, Organic acid, Quaternary amine |
Nature of compounds: | Acidic, Basic, Hydrophilic, Polar |
Compounds: | Chloride Ion, Ethephon, Mepiquat |
Column: | Amaze HD |
Separation Modes: | HILIC, cation-exchange, anion-exclusion |
Column Dimenstions: | 3.0x100 mm, 3 um, 100A |
Mobile Phase: | 75% ACN with 50 mM AmAc pH 5 |
Detection: | ELSD |
Sample: | 0.2-0.5 mg/ml |
Injection: | 2 uL |
Flow rate: | 0.6 ml/min |
Class of compounds: | Amino acid, Inorganic anion, Sugar, Supplement |
Nature of compounds: | Acidic, Hydrophilic, Neutral, Polar, Zwitterionic |
Compounds: | Chloride Ion, Sucrose, Histidine, Arginine |
Column: | Amaze TCH |
Separation Modes: | HILIC, cation-exchange, anion-exchange |
Column Dimenstions: | 4.6x150 mm, 3 um, 100A |
Mobile Phase: | from 80% ACN with 5 mM ammonium formate pH 3.5 to 40% ACN with 30 mM ammonium formate pH 3.5 in 10 min |
Detection: | Corona CAD |
Sample: | 0.2-0.5 mg/ml |
Injection: | 2 ul |
Flow rate: | 1 ml/min |
Class of compounds: | Amines, Herbicide, Inorganic anion, Organic acid, Quaternary amine |
Nature of compounds: | Acidic, Basic, Hydrophilic, Polar |
Compounds: | Chlormequat, Mepiquat, Paraquat, Diquat, Chloride Ion, Ethephon |
Column: | Amaze TCH |
Separation Modes: | HILIC, cation-exchange, anion-exchange |
Column Dimenstions: | 4.6x150 mm, 3 um, 100A |
Mobile Phase: | 73% ACN with 20 mM AmFm pH 2.7 |
Detection: | Corona CAD |
Sample: | 0.5 mg/ml |
Injection: | 2 ul |
Flow rate: | 1 ml/min |
Class of compounds: | Inorganic anion, Inorganic cation, Organic acid |
Nature of compounds: | Acidic, Basic, Hydrophilic, Polar |
Compounds: | Iodide ion, Potassium ion, Sodium ion, Lithium ion, Bromide ion, Chloride Ion |
Column: | Amaze TH |
Separation Modes: | HILIC cation-exchange, anion-exchange |
Column Dimenstions: | 4.6x150 mm, 3 um, 100A |
Mobile Phase: | 40% ACN with gradient of AmFm pH 3 from 30 mM to 120 mM in 7.5 min, hold 8 min |
Detection: | ELSD |
Sample: | 0.5-1 mg/ml |
Injection: | 3 uL |
Flow rate: | 1 ml/min |
Class of compounds: | Inorganic acid, Inorganic anion, Inorganic cation, Organic acid |
Nature of compounds: | Acidic, Basic, Hydrophilic, Polar |
Compounds: | Phosphate Ion, Chloride Ion, Sodium ion, Iodide ion, Sulfate ion |
Column: | Amaze HD |
Separation Modes: | HILIC, cation-exchange, anion-exclusion |
Column Dimenstions: | 3.0x100 mm, 3 μm, 100A |
Mobile Phase: | 82% ACN with 36 mM AmFm pH 3 |
Detection: | ELSD |
Sample: | 1 mg/ml |
Injection: | 2 μL |
Flow rate: | 1 ml/min |
Class of compounds: | Amines, Amino acid, Drug, Inorganic anion, Sugar, Supplement, Vitamin |
Nature of compounds: | Acidic, Basic, Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic, Neutral, Polar, Zwitterionic |
Compounds: | Chloride Ion, Choline, Betaine, L-Carnitine, Inositol |
Column: | Amaze TH, Amaze HD |
Separation Modes: | HILIC, cation-exchange, anion-exchange, anion-exclusion |
Column Dimenstions: | 3.0x100 mm, 3 μm, 100A |
Mobile Phase: | 85% ACN with 30 mM AmFm pH 3 |
Detection: | Corona CAD |
Sample: | 1 mg/ml |
Injection: | 2 μL |
Flow rate: | 0.6 ml/min |
Class of compounds: | Amines, Aromatic base, Inorganic anion, Inorganic cation, Organic acid |
Nature of compounds: | Acidic, Basic, Hydrophilic, Polar |
Compounds: | Nitrate ion, Chloride Ion, Guanidine, Sodium ion |
Column: | Amaze HD |
Separation Modes: | HILIC, cation-exchange and anion-exclusion |
Column Dimenstions: | 3.0x100 mm, 3 μm, 100A |
Mobile Phase: | 72% ACN with 56 mM AmFm pH 3 |
Detection: | Corona CAD |
Sample: | 1 mg/ml |
Injection: | 2 μL |
Flow rate: | 0.6 ml/min |
Class of compounds: | Amino acid, Aromatic acid, Catecholamine, Drug, Inorganic anion, Neurotransmitter, Supplement |
Nature of compounds: | Acidic, Basic, Hydrophilic, Polar, Zwitterionic |
Compounds: | Chloride Ion, Citrulline, 4-Aminobuyric acid (GABA), Ornithine, Dopamine, Arginine |
Column: | Amaze SC |
Separation Modes: | reversed-phase and cation-exchange |
Column Dimenstions: | 3.0x100 mm, 5μm, 100A |
Mobile Phase: | 10% ACN with 20 mM AmFm pH 3 |
Detection: | Corona CAD |
Sample: | 0.5 mg/ml |
Injection: | 2 μL |
Flow rate: | 0.6 ml/min |
Class of compounds: | Amino acid, Aromatic acid, Catecholamine, Drug, Inorganic anion, Neurotransmitter, Supplement |
Nature of compounds: | Acidic, Basic, Hydrophilic, Polar, Zwitterionic |
Compounds: | Chloride Ion, Citrulline, 4-Aminobuyric acid (GABA), Ornithine, Dopamine, Arginine |
Column: | Amaze HD |
Separation Modes: | HILIC, cation-exchange, anion-exclusion |
Column Dimenstions: | 3.0x100 mm, 3 um, 100A |
Mobile Phase: | 75% ACN with 50 mM AmAc pH 5 |
Detection: | ELSD, 40°C |
Sample: | 2 mg/ml |
Injection: | 3 uL |
Flow rate: | 0.6 ml/min |
Class of compounds: | Amino acid, Inorganic anion, Sugar, Supplement |
Nature of compounds: | Acidic, Hydrophilic, Neutral, Polar, Zwitterionic |
Compounds: | Chloride Ion, Sucrose, Histidine, Arginine |
Organic and inorganic acids are part of many formulations including pharmaceutical and nutraceuticals. These compounds are very often very polar and acidic, and either require expensive ion-chromatography or the use of ion-pairing reagents. Ion-pairing reagents are not compatible with mass spectrometry. Mixed-mode columns allow the utilization of the ion-pairing reagent attached to the surface of silica gel to retain these anionic compounds. The retention is provided by weak reverse-phase and by a medium or strong anion-exchange mechanism. The retention time is controlled by the amount of ACN, buffer pH and buffer concentration. Stronger and more hydrophobic acids will retain longer, and their elution can be effectively controlled by changing the ionization state at a different pH. This method is compatible with major detection techniques ( (ELSD, CAD, RI, UV and mass spec). This method can be used for the analysis of basic hydrophobic drugs and their acidic counter-ions in one run. Acidic hydrophobic drugs and related impurities can be analyzed on this mixed-mode HPLC column.
Column: | Heritage MA |
Separation Modes: | anion-exchange |
Column Dimenstions: | 4.6x150 mm, 3 um, 100A |
Mobile Phase: | 60% ACN with 60 mM AmFm pH 3 |
Detection: | ELSD, 50°C |
Sample: | 1 mg/ml |
Injection: | 3 uL |
Flow rate: | 1 ml/min |
Class of compounds: | Inorganic anion, Organic acid |
Nature of compounds: | Acidic, Hydrophilic, Polar |
Compounds: | Phosphate Ion, Bromate Ion, Bromide ion, Chloride Ion, Iodide ion, Trifluoroacetic acid, Perchlorate ion |